12. Past Perfect

The Past Perfect is the "Past Before the Past". We use it to make it clear which of two past actions happened first.

Subject + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)

(Time 1: First) -> (Time 2: Second) -> (Time 3: NOW) [HAD Done] -> [Did] -> [Now]

- "When I arrived (2), the train had left (1)." (I missed it). - "I was hungry because I hadn't eaten all day." - "She realized she had lost her bag."